EUは焦げ付かないフライパンの禁止を計画しているのか？

After phasing out incandescent light bulbs and targeting internal combustion engines, is the European Union bureaucracy now setting its sights on non-stick frying pans? In short: Yes, this could very well happen. This article explores why and how this potential ban relates to PFAS—a topic that extends far beyond cookware and significantly impacts numerous economic sectors.

Introduction

Introduction
In our modern media-driven society, alarming news seems to circulate regularly, keeping us in a constant state of concern. There’s always a new issue that supposedly threatens our health, even though, objectively speaking, we enjoy unprecedented levels of well-being and longevity in human history.
These recurring alarms often distract from more pressing problems but become the focus of extensive regulation by an ever-expanding bureaucratic apparatus. The latest subject under scrutiny is PFAS.

What Are PFAS?

PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Rather than a single compound, PFAS represent a large group of synthetic chemicals. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), PFAS are fluorinated substances containing at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom without any hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, or iodine attached to it. Essentially, any chemical with at least one perfluorinated methyl or methylene group qualifies as a PFAS.

Within the PFAS category, there are two fundamentally different groups:

1. Polymers
2. Non-Polymers

Applications of PFAS

Since the 1940s, thousands of PFAS compounds have been developed and used globally. These substances are found in countless everyday products, either directly as components or as aids in their manufacture.

In cookware, the fluoropolymer PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is notable. PTFE is the substance that gives traditional non-stick coatings their properties and is often referred to by the brand name Teflon® (a trademark of Chemours).

Beyond cookware, PFAS substances are present in a myriad of other applications, including but not limited to:

• Seals and Bearings: Low-friction seals in hydraulic and pneumatic systems, plain bearings in machinery.
• Medical Devices: Components in medical equipment and implants.
• Chemical Engineering: Pipelines and equipment resistant to aggressive substances.
• Energy Sector: Membranes in fuel cells and electrolyzers.
• Electronics: Cable insulation in high-frequency electronics, semiconductor manufacturing.
• Firefighting: Ingredients in firefighting foams.
• Coatings: Paints, varnishes, and coated papers like baking paper and food packaging.
• Textiles: Impregnation of textiles, upholstery, and carpets for stain resistance.
• Personal Care: Dental floss.
• Lubricants: Technical sprays and lubricants.

What Is the Problem with PFAS?

The primary concern with many PFAS substances is their exceptional chemical stability—they react with almost nothing. Chemists describe them as inert due to their resistance to reactions. For example, a PTFE-coated non-stick pan remains unaffected when exposed to acidic or alkaline solutions, high levels of salt, or even aqua regia, a potent acid mixture capable of dissolving gold.

This inertness becomes problematic when PFAS substances are released into the environment during manufacturing processes. If they enter waterways or the atmosphere, they persist because they do not degrade easily, even over years or decades. Environmental groups and some political parties have dubbed PFAS “forever chemicals” due to their longevity in the environment.

Given their widespread use and production over many decades, PFAS compounds are now detectable in trace amounts worldwide—in water, soil, and living organisms. The extent to which these trace amounts affect living organisms is not yet conclusively determined, given the vast number of PFAS substances. Research is ongoing, particularly in the United States and Europe.

Some fluorinated surfactants, like PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), have been found to pose health risks with significant exposure. As a result, voluntary agreements and regulatory actions have been taken to reduce or eliminate their use. For example, the production of PFOA was voluntarily phased out by 2015 in the U.S. and banned by 2020 in the EU.

In contrast, high-molecular-weight fluoropolymers like PTFE have shown minimal bioavailability or bioaccumulation, suggesting lower risk to organisms.

Should Emissions Be Restricted Instead of Banning PFAS Entirely?

Restricting emissions of PFAS during manufacturing seems like a rational approach. However, the current discussion at the EU level involves a potential complete ban on all PFAS substances, without fully considering their widespread applications and the lack of adequate alternatives in many cases.

Implementing gradual restrictions on PFAS emissions and phasing out particularly problematic compounds that can be replaced would likely be more sensible and less economically damaging than an outright ban. Unfortunately, policy decisions do not always align with practical considerations, and sometimes broad measures are enacted that have far-reaching consequences.

Current State of the PFAS Discussion

As of spring 2023, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has proposed a ban on PFAS substances, initiated by Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Public consultations began in March 2023 and are expected to continue until September 2023. If adopted, the ban could take effect by the end of 2025, with an 18-month transition period. Certain applications, mainly commercial and industrial, may receive exemptions ranging from 5 to 12 years.

The lengthy exemption periods suggest that policymakers are aware of the challenges in finding suitable replacements for PFAS in many applications. Nevertheless, the hope appears to be that adequate substitutes will be developed and tested in time following the ban.

Notably, no exemptions are planned for consumer products like non-stick cookware. This means that after the transition period, the production of new non-stick coatings using PTFE would cease entirely.

Are Ceramic Coatings a Viable Alternative?

Ceramic coatings, sometimes marketed as ceramic non-stick coatings, have been available as an alternative to PTFE-based non-stick coatings. These coatings do not contain PTFE or other PFAS substances and often exhibit excellent non-stick properties initially, sometimes even surpassing new PTFE-coated pans.

However, the non-stick effect of ceramic coatings tends to diminish over time, often more significantly than with traditional PTFE coatings. This is not due to a lack of effort from manufacturers but rather because PTFE possesses near-perfect non-stick qualities and exceptional chemical and physical resilience.

While advancements have been made in improving the durability of ceramic coatings, they still do not match the long-term performance of the best PTFE products. If non-stick effectiveness is a measure of cookware longevity, a complete ban on PFAS—and thus PTFE—could lead to decreased product lifespans and increased replacement needs. This would result in higher costs for consumers and potentially greater environmental impact due to increased resource and energy consumption for manufacturing replacements.

Will Non-Stick Pans Be Banned?

Given past EU policy decisions on environmental protection, it is possible that a complete ban on PFAS, including PTFE in non-stick pans, could be enacted. Previous regulations have sometimes led to unintended consequences:
1.Incandescent Light Bulb Ban: Replacing traditional bulbs with LEDs has led to higher costs and, in some cases, reduced longevity, contributing to electronic waste.

2.Energy Efficiency Standards for Appliances: New dishwashers and washing machines may underperform in cleaning and drying to meet energy efficiency ratings, causing inconvenience to consumers.

3.Combustion Engine Ban: Plans to phase out internal combustion engines may strain electricity supply, especially as other sectors also increase electricity demand.

4.Building Energy Regulations: Stringent requirements for residential buildings have imposed significant financial burdens on homeowners for energy-efficient renovations.

結論

If you value non-stick cookware, now might be the time to consider purchasing or stocking up on PTFE-coated pans. Similarly, professionals who rely on PFAS-containing products should stay informed and possibly voice their concerns during the consultation process to ensure that their needs and the broader economic impacts are considered.
De-industrialization could have significant consequences, and it’s crucial for stakeholders to engage in the discussion to find balanced solutions that protect both the environment and the economy.